Researchers operating the world's most advanced space telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, have discovered an extremely distant galaxy that may be the most distant galaxy ever discovered - so far away that it existed just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.
Since James Webb began operating in 2022, astronomers have been using the $10 billion telescope to do what is considered one of the most difficult tasks in astronomy: finding very distant, very ancient galaxies—and James Webb has not disappointed. Scientists have not only found more distant galaxies, but they are also brighter and larger than they expected, opening up a wealth of new knowledge.
The newly discovered galaxy, named JADES-GS-z14-0, was named by the James Webb Space Telescope's (JWST) Advanced Deep Galaxy Survey (JADES) program, and has a redshift of over 14. Redshift is the phenomenon in which light emitted by a very distant object is pushed toward the red end of the spectrum due to the expansion of the universe, so the farther away an object is, the redder its light appears. For the first galaxies observed by James Webb, their light was shifted so far toward the red end of the spectrum that it no longer appeared as visible light, but instead as infrared light. James Webb's infrared instruments are perfect for detecting these extremely distant galaxies.
And because light takes time to travel great distances, finding very distant galaxies is like looking back in time. These galaxies appeared when the universe was still very young.
In the case of JADES-GS-z14-0, scientists were surprised to see such a bright galaxy at such an early stage in the formation of the universe. “The size of the galaxy clearly indicates that most of the light is produced by a large number of young stars, rather than matter falling into a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy, which would appear much smaller,” researcher Daniel Eisenstein from the Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics explained in a statement.
Such brightness also suggests that large, bright galaxies could have formed at this early time, contrary to what we previously thought. It is amazing that the universe could have created such a galaxy in just 300 million years.
New data like the discovery of JADES-GS-z14-0 is changing the way astronomers think about the evolution of galaxies in the early universe. This is a great opportunity to study how galaxies form.
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