How to use constants in Golang
What is a Constant or Const in Golang? Here's what you need to know about using constants in Go.
How to use Rune in Golang
What is Rune in Golang? How to use Rune in Golang? This article will give you the answer.
In the past, we only had one character set, and it was called ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). Back then, we used 7 bits to represent 128 characters, which included uppercase and lowercase English letters, numbers & various punctuation & device control characters. Because of this character limitation, the majority of the population could not use their own custom writing system. To solve that problem, Unicode was "born". Unicode is a superset of ASCII that contains all the characters in the world's writing systems today. It includes accents, diacritics, control codes like tabs and line breaks, assigning each character a standard number called "Unicode Code Point" or in Go, "Rune". The Rune type is an alias for int32.
Points to remember about Runes in Golang
- Always remember, a string is a sequence of bytes, not a Rune. A string can contain Unicode text encoded in UTF-8. But Go source code is encoded in UTF-8, so there is no need to encode the string in UTF-8.
- UTF-8 encodes all Unicode in the range of 1 to 4 bytes, where 1 byte is used for ASCII and the rest for Runes.
- ASCII contains a total of 256 elements, of which, 128 are characters and 0-127 are defined as code points. Here, code point refers to an element that represents a single value.
For example:
♄This is a Rune with the hexadecimal value ♄.
The True Meaning of Runes
It represents a Rune constant, which is an integer value that identifies a Unicode code point. In Go, a Rune Literal is represented as one or more characters enclosed in parentheses like 'g', '\t', etc. Between the parentheses, you are allowed to place any character except a newline and an unescaped parentheses. Here, the characters enclosed in these parentheses represent the Unicode value of the given character itself, and multi-character strings with a backslash (at the beginning of a multi-character string) encode the values in a different format. In a Rune Literal, all strings that start with a backslash are invalid, only the following single-escaped characters represent special values when you use them with a backslash:
| Character | Unicode | Describe |
|---|---|---|
| \a | U+0007 | Alert or bell |
| \b | U+0008 | Backspace |
| \f | U+000C | Form data |
| \n | U+000A | Line feed or line break |
| \r | U+000D | Return to beginning of line |
| \t | U+0009 | Horizontal tab |
| \v | U+000b | Vertical Tab |
| \\ | U+005c | Backslash |
| \' | U+0027 | Apostrophe |
| \” | U+0022 | Double quotes (valid only in character strings) |
For example:
//Minh họa chương trình Go đơn giản về cách tạo một rune
package main
import (
"fmt"
"reflect"
)
func main() {
// Tạo một rune
rune1 := 'B'
rune2 := 'g'
rune3 := '\a'
// Hiện rune và kiểu của nó
fmt.Printf("Rune 1: %c; Unicode: %U; Type: %s", rune1,
rune1, reflect.TypeOf(rune1))
fmt.Printf("\nRune 2: %c; Unicode: %U; Type: %s", rune2,
rune2, reflect.TypeOf(rune2))
fmt.Printf("\nRune 3: Unicode: %U; Type: %s", rune3,
reflect.TypeOf(rune3))
}
Result:
Rune 1: B; Unicode: U+0042; Type: int32
Rune 2: g; Unicode: U+0067; Type: int32
Rune 3: Unicode: U+0007; Type: int32Example 2:
Result:
Character: ♛, Unicode:U+265B, Position:0
Character: ♠, Unicode:U+2660, Position:1
Character: ♧, Unicode:U+2667, Position:2
Character: ♡, Unicode:U+2661, Position:3
Character: ♬, Unicode:U+266C, Position:4 Volatile functions in Golang
Variadic functions in Go allow you to pass a variable number of arguments to a function. Here's everything you need to know about variadic functions in Golang.
Named return parameters in Golang
In Golang, named return parameters are often referred to as named parameters. Golang allows naming the return parameters or results of functions in the function signature or definition.
Keywords in Go
Keyword - Keywords are words in a language that are used for some internal processes or represent some predefined actions. Here is what you need to know about keywords in Golang.
Data types in Golang
Data types specify what type of data a valid Go variable can hold. In the Go language, types are divided into four categories as follows:
Function arguments in Golang
Go supports two main ways to pass arguments: Pass by Value and Pass by Reference. Go uses pass by value by default.
Function returning multiple values in Golang
In Go language, you are allowed to return multiple values from a function, using the return statement. In other words, in a function, a return statement can return multiple values.
Switch Statement in Go
Golang like most other programming languages has switch statement. Here is how to use switch statement in Golang.
Cases to know when using selection statements in Golang
In this article, we will learn how to use default case to avoid deadlock. But first, we will learn what is deadlock case when using select command in Golang?
Anonymous structures and fields in Golang
Anonymous structs in Golang are temporary structures with no names used for one-time purposes, while anonymous fields allow embedding of unnamed fields.
How to use operators in Golang
Operators allow us to perform different types of operations on operands. In Go language, operators can be classified based on their different functions.
Void identifier in Golang
_(underscore) in Golang is called Blank Identifier. Identifier is a user-defined name of program elements used for identification purposes.
How to create basic program in Golang
Hello, World! is the first basic program in any programming language. You can write this first program in Golang by following the steps below.
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Golang can be easily installed on Windows. Here is a step-by-step guide to install Golang on Windows.
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